Abstract
The National Survey on Sexual and Reproductive Health (2010 y 2015) is used to estimate that over a fifth of the population age 15 and over reports experiences that would place them as victims of sexual relations without consent according to the criteria established in the Law 9406. However, only 10% of these people report having been a victim of sexual crimes. This lack of perception of any crime points to the existence of more permissive cultural patterns regarding sexual consent. This is discussed through an analysis of the legislation throughout history. Later, the human capital model is used to estimate logit regressions on the probability of being a victim of these sex crimes. Results show that better education and a satisfactory communication with parents and teachers reduce the probability of being a victim of such crimes.
References
Alfonso X el Sabio (2006). Las siete partidas. Biblioteca Virtual Universal (Trad.). https://biblioteca.org.ar/libro.php?texto=130949
Asamblea Legislativa (15 de noviembre de 1970). Ley 4573 Código Penal. La Gaceta, 257. http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_norma.aspx?param1=NRM&nValor1=1&nValor2=5027&nValor3=5321&strTipM=FN
Asamblea Legislativa (13 de enero de 2017). Ley 9406 Fortalecimiento de la protección legal de las niñas y las adolescentes mujeres ante situaciones de violencia de género asociadas a relaciones abusivas, reforma Código Penal, Código Familia, Ley Orgánica TSE y Registro Civil, y Código Civil. La Gaceta, 10.
Bierie, D. M., & Budd, K. M. (2018). Romeo, Juliet, and Statutory Rape. Sexual Abuse, 30(3), 296–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063216658451
Bullough, V. L. (2005). Age of consent. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 16(2-3), 25-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n02_03.
Centro Centroamericano de Población (2010) Encuesta Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva. Universidad de Costa Rica.
Centro Centroamericano de Población (2015) Encuesta Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva. Universidad de Costa Rica. https://ccp.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/farmacoeconomia-pareo/pareo-principal/240-ii-encuesta-nacional-de-salud-sexual-y-salud-reproductiva.html
Cocca, C. (2015) Age of consent. In P. Whelehan & A. Bolin (Ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118896877
Congreso de la República de Costa Rica (30 de agosto de 1941). Código Penal. La Gaceta, 192. http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_norma.aspx?param1=NRM&nValor1=1&nValor2=37382&nValor3=39414&strTipM=FN
Consejo Nacional de la República de Costa Rica (27 de abril de 1880). Código Penal de la República de Costa Rica.
Edward I (1275). The Statute of Westminster. https://ucadia.s3.amazonaws.com/acts_uk/1200_1299/uk_act_1275_statute_westminster.pdf
Ehrlich, J. S. (2006). From age of consent laws to the "Silver Ring Thing": the regulation of adolescent female sexuality. Health Matrix: The Journal of Law-Medicine, 16(1), 151-181. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/healthmatrix/vol16/iss1/8/
Ellis, S. J., & Kitzinger, C. (2002). Denying equality: An analysis of arguments against lowering the age of consent for sex between men. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12(3), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.670
Estado de Costarrica (30 de julio de 1841). Código General del Estado de Costarrica. Imprenta del Estado.
Frank, D. J., Camp, B. J. & Boutcher, S. A. (2010). Worldwide trends in the criminal regulation of sex, 1945 to 2005. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 867-893. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410388493
Fraisse, G. (2017). Du consentement (éd. augmentée). Seuil.
Horvath, M. A. H. & Giner-Sorolla, R. (2007). Below the age of consent: influences on moral and legal judgments of adult–adolescent sexual relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(12), 2980–3009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00290.x
Jackson, S. (1978). The social context of rape: sexual scripts and motivation. Women's Studies International Quarterly, I, 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-0685(78)90311-1
Jackson, S. & Scott, S. (2015). A sociological history of researching childhood and sexuality: continuities and discontinuities. In E. Renold, J. Ringrose & D. Egan (Eds.). Children, sexuality and sexualization. Palgrave Macmillan, (pp. 39-55).
Janssen, D. F. (2015). Anthropologizing young/minor sexualities. In E. Renold, J. Ringrose, & D. Egan (Eds.). Children, sexuality and sexualization. Palgrave Macmillan.
Murigi, E. (2018). Age of consent around the world. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/age-of-consent-around-the-world.html
Office of the High Commissioner, United Nations Human Rights [OHCHR] (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx
Presidente Constitucional de la República (30 de noviembre de 1918). Código Penal de Costa Rica de 1918. http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_norma.aspx?param1=NRM&nValor1=1&nValor2=77202&nValor3=96630&strTipM=FN
Presidente Constitucional de la República de Costa Rica (22 de abril de 1924). Código Penal de 1924. http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_norma.aspx?param1=NRM&nValor1=1&nValor2=35220&nValor3=37141&strTipM=FN
Sutherland, K. (2003). From jailbird to jailbait: age of consent law and the construction of teenage sexualities. William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law, 9(3), 313-349. http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol9/iss3/2
UNICEF (2018). 20 years of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Are you old enough…to have sex?. https://www.unicef.org/rightsite/433_457.htm
Waites, M. (2003). Equality at last? Homosexuality, heterosexuality and the age of consent in the United Kingdom. Sociology, 37(4), 637-655. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380385030374001