Palavras-chave
thirst scales
rehydration
voluntary intake
percepción de sed
escalas de sed
rehidratación
ingesta voluntaria
percepção de sede
escalas de sede
reidratação
ingestão voluntária
Como Citar
Resumo
O papel da percepção da sede na manutenção do equilíbrio hídrico tem sido amplamente estudado, tanto durante quanto após o exercício. Entretanto, como avaliá-la e a eficácia dos instrumentos existentes ainda são áreas que necessitam de mais pesquisas. Esta revisão visou integrar, de forma geral, as informações disponíveis na literatura sobre o funcionamento do mecanismo da sede em resposta à desidratação durante e após o exercício. Ele explica os mecanismos fisiológicos e suas respostas durante e após o exercício, descreve os instrumentos disponíveis na literatura científica, seus pontos fracos e fortes, e levanta uma série de questões que permanecem sem resposta no campo. Esta revisão apresenta o aspecto teórico dos mecanismos da sede e discute os estudos científicos que respaldam ou refutam o comportamento desses mecanismos no exercício. Finalmente, é feito um resumo das principais conclusões extraídas da literatura científica sobre a sede como mecanismo suficiente para prevenir a desidratação tanto durante quanto após o exercício.
Referências
Adams, J., Sekuguchi, Y., Seal, A., Suh, H., Sprong, C., Jansen, L. y Kavouras, S.A. (2017). Dehydration impairs exercise performance independent of thirst perception: a blinded study. International Journal of Exercise Science: Conferences Proceedings, 11(4). https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijesab/vol11/iss4/1/
Adams, J. D., Sekiguchi, Y., Suh, H. G., Seal, A. D., Sprong, C. A., Kirkland, T. W. y Kavouras, S. A. (2018). Dehydration Impairs Cycling Performance, Independently of Thirst: A Blinded Study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50(8), 1697–1703. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001597
Adams, W.M, Vandermark, L.W, Belval, L.N. y Casa, D.J. (2019). The utility of thirst as a measure of hydration status following exercise-induced dehydration. Nutrients, 11(11), 2689. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31703247/
Allen, S., Miller, K. C., Albrecht, J., Garden-Robinson, J. y Blodgett-Salafia, E. (2013). Ad Libitum Fluid Intake and Plasma Responses After Pickle Juice, Hypertonic Saline, or Deionized Water Ingestion. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(6), 734–740. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.5.04
Arai, S. R., Butzlaff, A., Stotts, N. A. y Puntillo, K. A. (2014). Quench the Thirst: Lessons from Clinical Thirst Trials. Biological Research for Nursing, 16(4), 456–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800413505900
Armstrong, L. E., Johnson, E. C., Kunces, L. J., Ganio, M. S., Judelson, D. A., Kupchak, B. R., Vingren, J.L., Munoz, C.X., Huggins, R.A., Hydren, J.R., Moyen, N.E. y Williamson, K. H. (2014). Drinking to Thirst Versus Drinking Ad Libitum During Road Cycling. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(5), 624–631. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.85
Armstrong, L. E., Johnson, E. C., McKenzie, A. L., Ellis, L. A. y Williamson, K. H. (2015). Ultraendurance Cycling in a Hot Environment: Thirst, Fluid Consumption, and Water Balance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(4), 869-876. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000822
Armstrong, L. E., Johnson, E. C., McKenzie, A. L., Ellis, L. A. y Williamson, K. H. (2016). Endurance Cyclist Fluid Intake, Hydration Status, Thirst, and Thermal Sensations: Gender Differences. International Journal Of Sport Nutrition And Exercise Metabolism, 26(2), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0188
Armstrong, L. E. y Kavouras, S. A. (2019). Thirst and Drinking Paradigms: Evolution from Single Factor Effects to Brainwide Dynamic Networks. Nutrients, 11(12), 2864. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122864
Berkulo, M. A. R., Bol, S., Levels, K., Lamberts, R. P., Daanen, H. A. M. y Noakes, T. D. (2016). Ad-libitum drinking and performance during a 40-km cycling time trial in the heat. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(2), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1009495
Capitán-Jiménez, C. y Aragón-Vargas, L. F. (2016). Thirst response to post-exercise fluid replacement needs and controlled drinking. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 14(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.15517/pensarmov.v14i2.25853
Capitán-Jiménez, C. y Aragón-Vargas, L. F. (2018). Percepción de la sed durante el ejercicio y en la rehidratación ad libitum post ejercicio en calor húmedo y seco. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2), e31479. https://doi.org/10.15517/pensarmov.v16i2.31479
Capitán-Jiménez, C., Tenorio, A. y Aragón-Vargas, L. F. (2016). Evaluation Of A Real Life Desire-to-drink Scale. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(5S), 567. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486702.03284.46
Cheung, S. S., McGarr, G. W., Mallette, M. M., Wallace, P. J., Watson, C. L., Kim, I. M. y Greenway, M. J. (2015). Separate and combined effects of dehydration and thirst sensation on exercise performance in the heat. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(S1), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12343
Convertino, V. A., Armstrong, L. E., Coyle, E. F., Mack, G. W., Sawka, M. N., Senay, L. C. Jr. y Sherman, W. M. (1996). ACSM Position Stand: Exercise and Fluid Replacement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28(10), 1-9. https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/1996/10000/ACSM_Position_Stand__Exercise_and_Fluid.45.aspx
Cotter, J. D., Thornton, S. N., Lee, J. K. y Laursen, P. B. (2014). Are we being drowned in hydration advice? Thirsty for more? Extreme Physiology & Medicine, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-7648-3-18
Dion, T., Savoie, F. A., Asselin, A., Gariepy, C. y Goulet, E. D. B. (2013). Half-marathon running performance is not improved by a rate of fluid intake above that dictated by thirst sensation in trained distance runners. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(12), 3011–3020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2730-8
Edmonds, C. J., Crombie, R. y Gardner, M. R. (2013). Subjective thirst moderates changes in speed of responding associated with water consumption. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00363
Engell, D. B., Maller, O., Sawka, M. N., Francesconi, R. N., Drolet, L. y Young, A. J. (1987). Thirst and fluid intake following graded hypohydration levels in humans. Physiology & Behavior, 40(2), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(87)90212-5
Figaro, M. K. y Mack, G. W. (1997). Regulation of fluid intake in dehydrated humans: Role of oropharyngeal stimulation. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 272(6), R1740–R1746. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.6.R1740
Greenleaf, J. E. (1992). Problem: Thirst, drinking behavior, and involuntary dehydration. Medicine And Science In Sports And Exercise, 24(6), 645–656. https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Abstract/1992/06000/Problem__thirst,_drinking_behavior,_and.7.aspx
Hew-Butler, T., Hummel, J., Rider, B. C. y Verbalis, J. G. (2014). Characterization of the effects of the vasopressin V2 receptor on sweating, fluid balance, and performance during exercise. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 307(4), R366–R375. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00120.2014
Hughes, F., Mythen, M. y Montgomery, H. (2018). The sensitivity of the human thirst response to changes in plasma osmolality: A systematic review. Perioperative Medicine, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13741-017-0081-4
Kenefick, R. W. (2018). Drinking Strategies: Planned Drinking Versus Drinking to Thirst. Sports Medicine, 48(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0844-6
Kitson, O., Rutherfurd-Markwick, K., Foskett, A., Lee, J. K. W., Diako, C., Wong, M. y Ali, A. (2021). Sensory Perception of an Oral Rehydration Solution during Exercise in the Heat. Nutrients, 13(10), 3313. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/nu13103313
Leib, D. E., Zimmerman, C. A. y Knight, Z. A. (2016). Thirst. Current Biology : CB, 26(24), R1260–R1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.019
Leiper, J. (2013). Thirst Physiology. In B. Caballero (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition (3rd ed.) (pp. 280–287). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375083-9.00267-1
Lopez, R. M., Casa, D. J., Jensen, K. A., Stearns, R. L., DeMartini, J. K., Pagnotta, K. D., Roti, M., Armstrong, L. y Maresh, C. M. (2016). Comparison of Two Fluid Replacement Protocols During a 20-km Trail Running Race in the Heat. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(9), 2609-2616. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001359
McCubbin, A. J., Allanson, B. A., Odgers, J. N. C., Cort, M. M., Costa, R. J., Cox, G. R., Crawshay, S.T., Desbrow, B., Freney, E.G., Gaskell, S.K., Hughes, D., Irwin, C., Jay, O., Lalor, B.L., Ross, M.L., Shaw, G., Périard, J.D. y Burke, L. M. (2020). Sports dietitians Australia position statement: nutrition for exercise in hot environments. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 30(1), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0300
Mears, S. A., Watson, P. y Shirreffs, S. M. (2016). Thirst responses following high intensity intermittent exercise when access to ad libitum water intake was permitted, not permitted or delayed. Physiology & Behavior, 157(Supplement C), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.016
Millard-Stafford, M., Wendland, D. M., O’Dea, N. K. y Norman, T. L. (2012). Thirst and hydration status in everyday life. Nutrition Reviews, 70(suppl_2), S147–S151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00527.x
Noakes, T. D. (2007). Drinking guidelines for exercise: What evidence is there that athletes should drink “as much as tolerable”, “to replace the weight lost during exercise” or “ad libitum”? Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(7), 781–796. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600875036
Ozoene, J. O., Enosolease, M. E., Ajayi, O. I., Agoreyo, F. O. y Obika, L. F. O. (2009). Thirst perception in dehydrated sickle cell disease patients in steady state. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/njps.v24i2.52929
Perreault-Briere, M., Beliveau, J., Jeker, D., Deshayes, T. A., Duran, A. y Goulet, E. D. B. (2019). Effect of Thirst-Driven Fluid Intake on 1 H Cycling Time-Trial Performance in Trained Endurance Athletes. Sports, 7(10), 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7100223
Peyrot des Gachons, C., Avrillier, J., Gleason, M., Algarra, L., Zhang, S., Mura, E., Nagai, H. y Breslin, P. A. S. (2016). Oral Cooling and Carbonation Increase the Perception of Drinking and Thirst Quenching in Thirsty Adults. PLoS ONE, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162261
Stevenson, R. J., Mahmut, M. y Rooney, K. (2015). Individual differences in the interoceptive states of hunger, fullness and thirst. Appetite, 95, 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.06.008
Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A. y Burke, L. M. (2016). Nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(3), 543-568. https://doi.org/ 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852
Thornton, S. N. (2010). Thirst and hydration: Physiology and consequences of dysfunction. Physiology & Behavior, 100(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.02.026
Yeomans, M. R., Chambers, L. y McCrickerd, K. (2018). Expectations About Satiety and Thirst Are Modified by Acute Motivational State. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02559
Comentários
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Catalina Capitán Jiménez, Luis Fernando Aragón Vargas