Nematodos fitoparásitos en cultivos de papa de Cartago, Costa Rica: variación por altitud y suelo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/5m2jd659Palabras clave:
Pratylenchus, Globodera, Meloidogyne, nematode assemblagesResumen
Introducción. Los nematodos fitoparásitos (PPN) son un problema importante para la producción de papa. La información actualizada sobre los PPN que afectan la papa (Solanum tuberosum) en Costa Rica es limitada. Objetivo. Caracterizar los géneros poblacionales de PPN en Cartago, con énfasis en variaciones a diferentes altitudes y propiedades del suelo. Materiales y métodos. Entre 2015 y 2017, se muestrearon cuarenta y cinco campos de papa del norte de Cartago, Costa Rica, y se categorizaron por altitud: baja (1600-2100 metros sobre el nivel del mar [m s. n. m.]), media (2101-2600 m s. n. m.) y alta (2601-3100 m s. n. m.). Se recolectaron muestras compuestas de suelo y raíces por campo en un patrón en zigzag para el análisis de nematodos y la caracterización del suelo. Se recolectaron muestras adicionales de suelo para la cuantificación de quistes. Los nematodos se extrajeron mediante flotación en solución azucarada por centrifugación para la identificación de género/familia y mediante el método de Fenwick para la cuantificación de quistes. La abundancia, frecuencia y diversidad (índice N1 de Hill) se compararon entre altitudes y tipos de muestra. Pruebas no paramétricas (Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-cuadrado) y análisis multivariados (PCA, Spearman) evaluaron patrones y asociaciones. Resultados. Se identificaron trece géneros/familias. Pratylenchus predominó en suelo y raíces, Meloidogyne presentó la mayor densidad promedio y Globodera fue más abundante a mayores altitudes. Además, los géneros de nematodos se asociaron con propiedades del suelo y se confirmó molecularmente la presencia de M. incognita y M. hapla. Conclusiones. La altitud y las propiedades del suelo influenciaron la distribución de PPN en campos de papa de Cartago.
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