Predicción de altura de planta y rendimiento de sorgo mediante datos multiespectrales y VANT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/d981kg61Palabras clave:
sensores remotos, mejoramiento, bosques aleatorios, fenotipadoResumen
Introducción. El crecimiento proyectado de la población mundial representa un desafío significativo para garantizar una producción alimentaria suficiente. El mejoramiento genético de cultivos, esencial para satisfacer esta demanda, depende de tecnologías avanzadas para acelerar los procesos de fenotipado en campo. Objetivo. Predecir la altura de planta y el rendimiento de biomasa en sorgo con el uso de fotogrametría y datos multiespectrales adquiridos mediante vuelos con pequeños vehículos aéreos no tripulados (VANT). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron seis genotipos de sorgo en Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con ocho réplicas por genotipo. Se realizaron vuelos con un sensor multiespectral en etapas fenológicas seleccionadas para generar índices de vegetación, MDT (modelos digitales de terreno) y MDS (modelos digitales de superficie). Las mediciones manuales de la altura de la planta se utilizaron para análisis de correlación y regresión lineal simple, mientras que la biomasa se predijo mediante regresión con random forest. Resultados. Los MDT y los MDS proporcionaron una estimación confiable de la altura de la planta durante la etapa de crecimiento inicial (R² = 0,53) y alcanzaron una mayor precisión en etapas posteriores (R² = 0,76; RMSE = 0,13 m). La predicción de biomasa fue más precisa durante el estado de bota (r = 0,72; RMSE = 1,40 t·ha-¹), y se identificaron el NDRE (Índice de Diferencia Normalizada del Borde Rojo) e IKAW (Índice de Kawashima) como los índices espectrales más relevantes. Conclusiones. Los MDT y MDS derivados de imágenes multiespectrales predijeron con precisión la altura de planta en etapas posteriores de crecimiento, pero fueron menos precisos en etapas tempranas. La incorporación de la altura de la planta junto con los índices espectrales en los modelos mejoró la predicción de la biomasa. Los hallazgos demostraron que los sensores montados en VANT y los índices multiespectrales son herramientas potenciales para el fenotipado en programas de mejoramiento de sorgo en Costa Rica.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Kevin Carrillo Montoya, Jorge Claudio Vargas Rojas, Melvin Lizano Araya, Nevio Bonilla Morales, Josselyne Aguilar López, José Roberto Camacho Montero (Autor/a)

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