Efecto del agotamiento hídrico sobre propiedades físico-hidráulicas, fisicoquímicas y agronómicas en chile y tomate hidropónicos

Betancourt-Flores, Alejandro; Soto-Bravo, Freddy

doi:10.15517/9vvdjh52

Autores/as

Alejandro Betancourt-Flores Universidad de Costa Rica. Alajuela, Costa Rica. Autor/a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5967
Freddy Soto-Bravo Universidad de Costa Rica. Alajuela, Costa Rica. Autor/a https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1959-9597

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15517/9vvdjh52

Palabras clave:

fibra de coco, irrigación deficitaria, eficiencia de uso del agua, conductividad hidráulica insaturada, conductividad eléctrica

Resumen

Introducción. La caracterización físico-hidráulica de los sustratos es fundamental para definir estrategias de riego que mejoren la eficiencia en el uso del agua y los nutrientes, así como el rendimiento de los cultivos en invernadero. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de tres niveles de agotamiento hídrico sobre propiedades físico-hidráulicas y fisicoquímicas del sustrato, así como sobre el crecimiento, el rendimiento y la eficiencia de uso del agua en cultivos de chile dulce y tomate en fibra de coco bajo invernadero. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó de agosto de 2020 a enero de 2021 en un invernadero multitúnel de la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Se evaluaron tres niveles de agotamiento hídrico (Ag₁₁, Ag₂₂ y Ag₃₂) en el sustrato, en un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones. En variables de respuesta se midieron humedad volumétrica (θ), conductividad hidráulica no saturada (K_(θ)), pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), volumen y frecuencia de riego, área foliar, materia seca, rendimiento comercial y eficiencia de uso del agua (EUA). Dichas variables fueron analizadas utilizando el entorno estadístico R. Resultados. El tratamiento Ag₁₁, con riegos más frecuentes y de menor volumen, mantuvo una humedad adecuada, CE estable y mayor K_(θ), lo que favoreció mayor crecimiento vegetativo y reproductivo, así como una alta EUA. El tratamiento Ag₂₂ obtuvo rendimientos y EUA equivalentes a Ag₁₁, con menor frecuencia de riego, pero mayor volumen, sin incrementar la CE a niveles críticos. Ag₃₂redujo significativamente el crecimiento, la producción y la EUA, sin incrementar la CE a niveles críticos, con frecuencia de riego similar a Ag₂₂, pero mayor volumen aplicado. Conclusión. El tratamiento Ag₁₁ representó un punto de equilibrio entre aireación, retención de agua y las conductividades hidráulicas y eléctricas, respaldado por la estabilidad de los rendimientos obtenidos y el uso eficiente del agua.

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